In 1957 the average cost of a brand new house in North American was only about $12 000. A gallon of gas only cost $0.24 and this was good because the average wage (even figuring into the equation the big bucks that CEOs made) was only $4.50 an hour. 1957 Canada was different in other ways too: Canadians were swearing oaths on the Bible and meaning it; officially breaking one’s marriage covenant through divorce was rare; and people, more or less, did what they said they would do. The proverb applied: a man’s word was his bond.
Today we are going to look a little bit at oaths, vows, and covenants.[2] (For more on this I will mention quickly my book, Praise The Lord For Covenants. If you want to look into this topic more after the service today, let me know.)[3] Today we are looking at Numbers Chapter 30. Ronald B. Allen reminds us that, “This chapter is a significant Old Testament text on the subject of the vows.”[4] And Numbers 30:1-2, “Moses said to the heads of the tribes of Israel: “This is what the Lord commands: When a man makes a vow to the Lord or takes an oath to obligate himself by a pledge, he must not break his word but must do everything he said.’” This is important. You will notice this statement does not say, “When a man takes an oath or makes a vow to the Lord, he must not break his word unless…” It simply says that when a man makes a vow to the Lord he must not break his vow (cf. Exodus 20:7; Leviticus 19:12; Numbers 30:2-3, and Deuteronomy 5:11; 6:3; 23:21-23). We have more than a couple of examples in the scriptures of people faithfully following through on seemingly very difficult vows (cf. for ex. Genesis 28:20–22; Numbers 21:2; Judges 11:30ff.; 1 Samuel 1:11; 14:24; Jonah 1:16; 2:9; Acts 18:18; 21:23; 23:12ff.): One is Hanna. Do you remember the story of Hanna? 1 Samuel 1: Hanna doesn’t have any children. Her husband then winds up taking another wife at the same time and has children with this other wife and Hanna then suffers much because of her apparent barrenness so she calls on the Lord, “And she made a vow, saying, ‘O LORD Almighty, if you will only look upon your servant’s misery and remember me, and not forget your servant but give her a son, then I will give him to the LORD for all the days of his life... (1 Samuel 1:11).” Her husband agrees with her and she obeys her vow. God gives her a son and they give her son right back to God to be raised by the High Priest and this son grows up to be the prophet Samuel.[5] God rewards their obedience as they follow through on this very difficult vow.
Another example is Jephthah. Jephthah vows to sacrifice to the Lord whatever meets him first upon retuning from a military victory –it is his only child, his own daughter, who is the first to meet him. As John Wesley comments, Jephthah then fulfils this vow in much the same way as Samuel’s parents, offering up his daughter to spend her life in service to God. [6]
Vows are important. They aren’t trivial. God takes them seriously. Another example from the Bible about how seriously God takes vows, oaths and covenants is the Gibeonites. Remember them? Moses, as the representative of Israel, is told by God to wipe out the inhabitants of Canaan, which the Gibeonites are (Deuteronomy 7:1-6; 20:16-18). Joshua then, as the next representative of Israel, is tricked into making a competing covenant before God to spare the Gibeonites (Judges 2:2, Joshua 9). God holds the Israelites accountable to both of these covenants (Joshua 9:15): the one to wipe out the Gibeonites and the one to spare them, the one He commanded and the one that He forbade. Israel suffers the consequences of breaking both covenants even though they are opposed to each other (cf. Joshua 9, Judges 2, 2 Samuel 21).[7] God doesn’t release us from our covenants just because we disobey them (Numbers 6; Judges 2:1; Romans 3:3-4, 7:2; 1 Corinthians 7:10-14; Luke 16:16-16; Mark 10:1-12; Matthew 5:32, 19:9).[8] The making and taking of oaths, vows and covenants is a very serious matter; therefore, Numbers 30:1-2, “Moses said to the heads of the tribes of Israel: ‘This is what the Lord commands: When a man makes a vow to the Lord or takes an oath to obligate himself by a pledge, he must not break his word but must do everything he said.”
But is this really so? Is there not some time when we may be released from a rash vow or an oath made without thinking? Are there not some incidents when our word isn’t actually our bond? Are their not times when we can renege on an oath, a vow or a covenant made with or before the Lord? Numbers 30 does actually seem to allow some exceptions to the principle of keeping of one’s word - sort of.
Numbers 30:3-5 records one possible exception:
Numbers 30:6-8 records another possible exception:
If she marries after she makes a vow or after her lips utter a rash promise by which she obligates herself and her husband hears about it but says nothing to her, then her vows or the pledges by which she obligated herself will stand. But if her husband forbids her when he hears about it, he nullifies the vow that obligates her or the rash promise by which she obligates herself, and the Lord will release her.
Numbers 30:10-13 records the 3rd possible exception to this rule about keeping one’s word:
If a woman living with her husband makes a vow or obligates herself by a pledge under oath and her husband hears about it but says nothing to her and does not forbid her, then all her vows or the pledges by which she obligated herself will stand. But if her husband nullifies them when he hears about them, then none of the vows or pledges that came from her lips will stand. Her husband has nullified them, and the Lord will release her. Her husband may confirm or nullify any vow she makes or any sworn pledge to deny herself.
There are some important things to realize about the three possible exceptions to keeping one’s vows here. I am going to ask you a question or two so if anyone was nodding off this might be a good time to wake up. Now you will notice in Numbers 30 that the exceptions to keeping one’s vows apply only to… women. Men, you will notice in Numbers 30, that you can’t get out of your vows, oaths, and covenants (cf. Exodus 20:7; Leviticus 19:12; Numbers 30:2-3, and Deuteronomy 5:11; 6:3; 23:21-23). The women are the onlu ones with the loopholes. Now you will also notice that not all women can get out of covenants. Here is the question. There is one group of women who can’t get out of their vows no matter how rash they might be. What group is this? Which women, just like men, cannot be released from their oaths, vows, and covenants? Single adult women, Numbers 30:9: “Any vow or obligation taken by a widow or divorced woman will be binding on her.”
Why do you think this might be? Why are men and single adult women (widows and divorcees) bound in a way that girls living in their fathers’ home and wives living with their husbands are not? The answer to this question is important. When the events in the book of Numbers were taking place, when the Israelites were following the LORD and Moses around the desert for a generation; married women and daughters living at home did not have any authority of their own. They were like the property or the employees of their husbands or fathers. Verses 3-5 record that if a girl makes a vow unbeknownst to her father that -when her dad finds out about it- if he decides that it is a vow which adversely affects her or his family, he can cancel it at that moment. Verses 10-12 state that if a wife makes a vow and her husband finds out about it later and deems that it is a vow that adversely affects her or his family, he can cancel it if he does so right away – if he delays in canceling it, that will be interpreted as de facto or tacit approval. And Verses 6-8 say that if she made a vow before she was married and her husband didn’t know about it at the time, he can cancel it immediately when he finds out about it. So why, in Numbers 30, can wives and daughters get off the hook when the rest of us can’t? It is because in those days and in that time wives and daughters; unlike husbands and fathers and single women would be much like employees as far as their authority is concerned – they don’t have authority to bind their employers.
Today we are going to look a little bit at oaths, vows, and covenants.[2] (For more on this I will mention quickly my book, Praise The Lord For Covenants. If you want to look into this topic more after the service today, let me know.)[3] Today we are looking at Numbers Chapter 30. Ronald B. Allen reminds us that, “This chapter is a significant Old Testament text on the subject of the vows.”[4] And Numbers 30:1-2, “Moses said to the heads of the tribes of Israel: “This is what the Lord commands: When a man makes a vow to the Lord or takes an oath to obligate himself by a pledge, he must not break his word but must do everything he said.’” This is important. You will notice this statement does not say, “When a man takes an oath or makes a vow to the Lord, he must not break his word unless…” It simply says that when a man makes a vow to the Lord he must not break his vow (cf. Exodus 20:7; Leviticus 19:12; Numbers 30:2-3, and Deuteronomy 5:11; 6:3; 23:21-23). We have more than a couple of examples in the scriptures of people faithfully following through on seemingly very difficult vows (cf. for ex. Genesis 28:20–22; Numbers 21:2; Judges 11:30ff.; 1 Samuel 1:11; 14:24; Jonah 1:16; 2:9; Acts 18:18; 21:23; 23:12ff.): One is Hanna. Do you remember the story of Hanna? 1 Samuel 1: Hanna doesn’t have any children. Her husband then winds up taking another wife at the same time and has children with this other wife and Hanna then suffers much because of her apparent barrenness so she calls on the Lord, “And she made a vow, saying, ‘O LORD Almighty, if you will only look upon your servant’s misery and remember me, and not forget your servant but give her a son, then I will give him to the LORD for all the days of his life... (1 Samuel 1:11).” Her husband agrees with her and she obeys her vow. God gives her a son and they give her son right back to God to be raised by the High Priest and this son grows up to be the prophet Samuel.[5] God rewards their obedience as they follow through on this very difficult vow.
Another example is Jephthah. Jephthah vows to sacrifice to the Lord whatever meets him first upon retuning from a military victory –it is his only child, his own daughter, who is the first to meet him. As John Wesley comments, Jephthah then fulfils this vow in much the same way as Samuel’s parents, offering up his daughter to spend her life in service to God. [6]
Vows are important. They aren’t trivial. God takes them seriously. Another example from the Bible about how seriously God takes vows, oaths and covenants is the Gibeonites. Remember them? Moses, as the representative of Israel, is told by God to wipe out the inhabitants of Canaan, which the Gibeonites are (Deuteronomy 7:1-6; 20:16-18). Joshua then, as the next representative of Israel, is tricked into making a competing covenant before God to spare the Gibeonites (Judges 2:2, Joshua 9). God holds the Israelites accountable to both of these covenants (Joshua 9:15): the one to wipe out the Gibeonites and the one to spare them, the one He commanded and the one that He forbade. Israel suffers the consequences of breaking both covenants even though they are opposed to each other (cf. Joshua 9, Judges 2, 2 Samuel 21).[7] God doesn’t release us from our covenants just because we disobey them (Numbers 6; Judges 2:1; Romans 3:3-4, 7:2; 1 Corinthians 7:10-14; Luke 16:16-16; Mark 10:1-12; Matthew 5:32, 19:9).[8] The making and taking of oaths, vows and covenants is a very serious matter; therefore, Numbers 30:1-2, “Moses said to the heads of the tribes of Israel: ‘This is what the Lord commands: When a man makes a vow to the Lord or takes an oath to obligate himself by a pledge, he must not break his word but must do everything he said.”
But is this really so? Is there not some time when we may be released from a rash vow or an oath made without thinking? Are there not some incidents when our word isn’t actually our bond? Are their not times when we can renege on an oath, a vow or a covenant made with or before the Lord? Numbers 30 does actually seem to allow some exceptions to the principle of keeping of one’s word - sort of.
Numbers 30:3-5 records one possible exception:
When a young woman still living in her father’s household makes a vow to the Lord or obligates herself by a pledge and her father hears about her vow or pledge but says nothing to her, then all her vows and every pledge by which she obligated herself will stand. But if her father forbids her when he hears about it, none of her vows or the pledges by which she obligated herself will stand; the Lord will release her because her father has forbidden her.
Numbers 30:6-8 records another possible exception:
If she marries after she makes a vow or after her lips utter a rash promise by which she obligates herself and her husband hears about it but says nothing to her, then her vows or the pledges by which she obligated herself will stand. But if her husband forbids her when he hears about it, he nullifies the vow that obligates her or the rash promise by which she obligates herself, and the Lord will release her.
Numbers 30:10-13 records the 3rd possible exception to this rule about keeping one’s word:
If a woman living with her husband makes a vow or obligates herself by a pledge under oath and her husband hears about it but says nothing to her and does not forbid her, then all her vows or the pledges by which she obligated herself will stand. But if her husband nullifies them when he hears about them, then none of the vows or pledges that came from her lips will stand. Her husband has nullified them, and the Lord will release her. Her husband may confirm or nullify any vow she makes or any sworn pledge to deny herself.
There are some important things to realize about the three possible exceptions to keeping one’s vows here. I am going to ask you a question or two so if anyone was nodding off this might be a good time to wake up. Now you will notice in Numbers 30 that the exceptions to keeping one’s vows apply only to… women. Men, you will notice in Numbers 30, that you can’t get out of your vows, oaths, and covenants (cf. Exodus 20:7; Leviticus 19:12; Numbers 30:2-3, and Deuteronomy 5:11; 6:3; 23:21-23). The women are the onlu ones with the loopholes. Now you will also notice that not all women can get out of covenants. Here is the question. There is one group of women who can’t get out of their vows no matter how rash they might be. What group is this? Which women, just like men, cannot be released from their oaths, vows, and covenants? Single adult women, Numbers 30:9: “Any vow or obligation taken by a widow or divorced woman will be binding on her.”
Why do you think this might be? Why are men and single adult women (widows and divorcees) bound in a way that girls living in their fathers’ home and wives living with their husbands are not? The answer to this question is important. When the events in the book of Numbers were taking place, when the Israelites were following the LORD and Moses around the desert for a generation; married women and daughters living at home did not have any authority of their own. They were like the property or the employees of their husbands or fathers. Verses 3-5 record that if a girl makes a vow unbeknownst to her father that -when her dad finds out about it- if he decides that it is a vow which adversely affects her or his family, he can cancel it at that moment. Verses 10-12 state that if a wife makes a vow and her husband finds out about it later and deems that it is a vow that adversely affects her or his family, he can cancel it if he does so right away – if he delays in canceling it, that will be interpreted as de facto or tacit approval. And Verses 6-8 say that if she made a vow before she was married and her husband didn’t know about it at the time, he can cancel it immediately when he finds out about it. So why, in Numbers 30, can wives and daughters get off the hook when the rest of us can’t? It is because in those days and in that time wives and daughters; unlike husbands and fathers and single women would be much like employees as far as their authority is concerned – they don’t have authority to bind their employers.
Let me give you an example. If someone came into Lorraine’s office at the food bank here to get some assistance and she wrote them a voucher for $1 000 000.00, would they be able to cash it? No, she doesn’t have the authority to do that. If someone else on staff volunteered me to speak at an event on a day that I was unavailable or for an event that I deemed inappropriate, would they be able to do that? No – they don’t have they authority. Likewise no one here today could call up the President of some country and declare war on them for Canada. We don’t have the authority to do that. What the Bible is saying here in Numbers Chapter 30 is that everyone is bound by their oaths, vows, and promises – as long as they have the authority to make them in the first place. I can’t make a vow that someone in the congregation will quit smoking or that the radio will stop playing certain kinds of music. I can’t do that because I don’t have that authority. But if I vow that the Swift Current Salvation Army will raise over $100 000.00 during our Christmas campaign, I better do everything in my power to keep that vow because I will be held accountable. Do you see the difference?
That fact is that God will hold us accountable to our covenants as we have the authority to make them. Why is this the case? Why does God hold us to every vow that we have the authority to make? Why do our vows, oaths, covenants that we make with God not break – even if we want them to? A big reason is that our covenants protect us. They are often how God saves us. You have seen rock climbing before where people climb up the face of mountains, where there is almost nothing to hold onto? They climb up these really dangerous cliffs with all of these ropes and equipment on them. Picture this: The climber climbs up and up and up and then, it happens, she slips, her hands fall; her legs and her feet lose their hold. She falls and then what happens? The rope catches her. She is saved by this tie that binds her to the mountain. That, my friends, is what oaths, vows, and covenants are when they are made with or before the LORD. They are this tie that saves us when all else fails. They are a means by which God saves us when we are falling ultimately towards our death. This is why they do not break no matter what we tell ourselves.
God saves us by the oaths, vows, and promises through which we are tied to Him. Thomas B. Dozeman states that in ancient Israel, “Failure to fulfill a vow threatened to profane the sanctuary, influencing the health of the whole community”[9] And praise the Lord for covenants because one of their main characteristics that we discover from Numbers 30 here is even if for some reason we want to be freed from them, even if for some reason we want to be cut loose, even if for some reason we want to break and free plunge to our death, God will not release us from our covenants. Unless otherwise specified, our covenants last until death do we part. As long as we still have breath in our body, God is still pulling us back to him (John 3:16, cf. TSA doc. 6). He will not let us go. He will never leave us nor forsake us (Romans 3:3,4). God has promised us in Genesis 12 and God covenanted with us in Genesis 15 that as mankind sins, God would first die rather than force all humanity to suffer the punishment we would otherwise deserve. And He did. Jesus died on the cross because of our unfaithfulness and Jesus rose again so that we can all rise with Him and live in a fully sanctified and holy life. So let us do that.
If there are any of us here who have not been living up to our covenants with the Lord or before God with one another, I would encourage us to do so now. When we don’t live up to our covenants, God doesn’t forsake us or let the tie break (cf. TSA doc. 6). When we are not living up to our covenants it is like we are that rock climber and we are just dangling by a strand from the face of that mountain. But when we are living in a proper covenant with God and each other, then we are on the rock that lasts and we can climb to new heights tied to our Lord and our salvation and we can view the world like we have never seen it before.
So then, as this is so, I would encourage all us now, if for some reason we haven’t been living in a strong covenanted relationship with God and our neighbours to -in our hearts- confess to our Lord, repent of our sins and draw on the strength of that climber’s cord that is binding us to the mountain of eternal life. Let us draw on the cord of His life and of His covenant and let us experience the joy of His salvation for now and forever more.
[1] 1 b, 2 a, 3c, 4b, 5a, 6c, 7b.
[2] Gordon J. Wenham, Numbers: An Introduction and Commentary. Downers Grove, IL : InterVarsity Press, 1981 (Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries 4), S. 231: The law mentions two kinds of vow: vows (neder) and pledges (ʾissār). The former term is the more common, and here at least means a vow to do something positive such as offering a sacrifice, whereas ʾissār (used only in this chapter; the rsv translates the cognate Aramaic word ʾĕsār, ‘interdict’ in Daniel 6:7–13.) is a vow of abstinence, a self-imposed fast (cf. 1 Samuel 14:24; Psalm 132:2–5). The Nazirite vow is generally supposed to be an example of a pledge of abstinence (Num. 6), though neder is the word used there. But it may simply be that outside this chapter neder covers both positive and negative vows.
[3] Captain Michael Ramsay, Praise The Lord For Covenants: Old Testament wisdom for our world today, Vancouver, BC: Credo Press, 2010. (c) The Salvation Army. Available on-line: http://www.sheepspeak.com./ptl4covenants.htm
[4] Ronald B. Allen, The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Pradis CD-ROM:Numbers/Exposition of Numbers/II. The Prospects for the Second Generation to Enter the Promised Land (26:1-36:13)/A. The Preparation for the Triumphal March to the Promised Land, the Second Generation (26:1-32:42)/4. Commands for the second generation on regular offerings, festival offerings, and vows (28:1-30:16)/c. Vows (30:1-16)/(1) The issue of vows to the Lord (30:1-2), Book Version: 4.0.2
[5] Captain Michael Ramsay 'Jephthah’s Parachute: Covenant and Judges 11:29-40’ in the Journal of Aggressive Christianity. Issue 59 (February - March 2009). Pages 5-10, Available on-line: http://www.armybarmy.com/JAC/article2-59.html
[6] John Wesley: "It is really astonishing that the general stream of commentators should take it for granted that Jephthah murdered his daughter! If a dog had met Jephthah, would he have offered up that for a burnt offering? No, because God had expressly forbidden this. And had He also not expressly forbidden murder?" and referring to the authority and responsibility for Jephthath to execute his daughter: “For this is expressly limited to all that a man hath, or which is his, that is, which he hath a power over. But the Jews had no power over the lives of their children or servants, but were directly forbidden to take them away, by that great command, thou shalt do no murder.” (Notes on the Old Testament).
[7] Captain Michael Ramsay ‘Rights and Responsibilities of Covenant’ in the Journal of Aggressive Christianity. Issue 56, (August-September 2008), pages 48-55. Available on-line: http://www.armybarmy.com/pdf/JAC_Issue_056.pdf
[8] Captain Michael Ramsay, Praise The Lord For Covenants: Old Testament wisdom for our world today, Vancouver, BC: Credo Press, 2010. (c) The Salvation Army, pages 41-60. Available on-line: http://www.sheepspeak.com./ptl4covenants.htm
[9] Thomas B. Dozeman, Numbers. (NIB II. Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, 1998), 231.
That fact is that God will hold us accountable to our covenants as we have the authority to make them. Why is this the case? Why does God hold us to every vow that we have the authority to make? Why do our vows, oaths, covenants that we make with God not break – even if we want them to? A big reason is that our covenants protect us. They are often how God saves us. You have seen rock climbing before where people climb up the face of mountains, where there is almost nothing to hold onto? They climb up these really dangerous cliffs with all of these ropes and equipment on them. Picture this: The climber climbs up and up and up and then, it happens, she slips, her hands fall; her legs and her feet lose their hold. She falls and then what happens? The rope catches her. She is saved by this tie that binds her to the mountain. That, my friends, is what oaths, vows, and covenants are when they are made with or before the LORD. They are this tie that saves us when all else fails. They are a means by which God saves us when we are falling ultimately towards our death. This is why they do not break no matter what we tell ourselves.
God saves us by the oaths, vows, and promises through which we are tied to Him. Thomas B. Dozeman states that in ancient Israel, “Failure to fulfill a vow threatened to profane the sanctuary, influencing the health of the whole community”[9] And praise the Lord for covenants because one of their main characteristics that we discover from Numbers 30 here is even if for some reason we want to be freed from them, even if for some reason we want to be cut loose, even if for some reason we want to break and free plunge to our death, God will not release us from our covenants. Unless otherwise specified, our covenants last until death do we part. As long as we still have breath in our body, God is still pulling us back to him (John 3:16, cf. TSA doc. 6). He will not let us go. He will never leave us nor forsake us (Romans 3:3,4). God has promised us in Genesis 12 and God covenanted with us in Genesis 15 that as mankind sins, God would first die rather than force all humanity to suffer the punishment we would otherwise deserve. And He did. Jesus died on the cross because of our unfaithfulness and Jesus rose again so that we can all rise with Him and live in a fully sanctified and holy life. So let us do that.
If there are any of us here who have not been living up to our covenants with the Lord or before God with one another, I would encourage us to do so now. When we don’t live up to our covenants, God doesn’t forsake us or let the tie break (cf. TSA doc. 6). When we are not living up to our covenants it is like we are that rock climber and we are just dangling by a strand from the face of that mountain. But when we are living in a proper covenant with God and each other, then we are on the rock that lasts and we can climb to new heights tied to our Lord and our salvation and we can view the world like we have never seen it before.
So then, as this is so, I would encourage all us now, if for some reason we haven’t been living in a strong covenanted relationship with God and our neighbours to -in our hearts- confess to our Lord, repent of our sins and draw on the strength of that climber’s cord that is binding us to the mountain of eternal life. Let us draw on the cord of His life and of His covenant and let us experience the joy of His salvation for now and forever more.
[2] Gordon J. Wenham, Numbers: An Introduction and Commentary. Downers Grove, IL : InterVarsity Press, 1981 (Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries 4), S. 231: The law mentions two kinds of vow: vows (neder) and pledges (ʾissār). The former term is the more common, and here at least means a vow to do something positive such as offering a sacrifice, whereas ʾissār (used only in this chapter; the rsv translates the cognate Aramaic word ʾĕsār, ‘interdict’ in Daniel 6:7–13.) is a vow of abstinence, a self-imposed fast (cf. 1 Samuel 14:24; Psalm 132:2–5). The Nazirite vow is generally supposed to be an example of a pledge of abstinence (Num. 6), though neder is the word used there. But it may simply be that outside this chapter neder covers both positive and negative vows.
[3] Captain Michael Ramsay, Praise The Lord For Covenants: Old Testament wisdom for our world today, Vancouver, BC: Credo Press, 2010. (c) The Salvation Army. Available on-line: http://www.sheepspeak.com./ptl4covenants.htm
[4] Ronald B. Allen, The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Pradis CD-ROM:Numbers/Exposition of Numbers/II. The Prospects for the Second Generation to Enter the Promised Land (26:1-36:13)/A. The Preparation for the Triumphal March to the Promised Land, the Second Generation (26:1-32:42)/4. Commands for the second generation on regular offerings, festival offerings, and vows (28:1-30:16)/c. Vows (30:1-16)/(1) The issue of vows to the Lord (30:1-2), Book Version: 4.0.2
[5] Captain Michael Ramsay 'Jephthah’s Parachute: Covenant and Judges 11:29-40’ in the Journal of Aggressive Christianity. Issue 59 (February - March 2009). Pages 5-10, Available on-line: http://www.armybarmy.com/JAC/article2-59.html
[6] John Wesley: "It is really astonishing that the general stream of commentators should take it for granted that Jephthah murdered his daughter! If a dog had met Jephthah, would he have offered up that for a burnt offering? No, because God had expressly forbidden this. And had He also not expressly forbidden murder?" and referring to the authority and responsibility for Jephthath to execute his daughter: “For this is expressly limited to all that a man hath, or which is his, that is, which he hath a power over. But the Jews had no power over the lives of their children or servants, but were directly forbidden to take them away, by that great command, thou shalt do no murder.” (Notes on the Old Testament).
[7] Captain Michael Ramsay ‘Rights and Responsibilities of Covenant’ in the Journal of Aggressive Christianity. Issue 56, (August-September 2008), pages 48-55. Available on-line: http://www.armybarmy.com/pdf/JAC_Issue_056.pdf
[8] Captain Michael Ramsay, Praise The Lord For Covenants: Old Testament wisdom for our world today, Vancouver, BC: Credo Press, 2010. (c) The Salvation Army, pages 41-60. Available on-line: http://www.sheepspeak.com./ptl4covenants.htm
[9] Thomas B. Dozeman, Numbers. (NIB II. Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, 1998), 231.
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